https://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(26)00191-7/fulltext
A prospective study at Stavanger University Hospital, to evaluate the extent of stimulation in the delivery room, heart rate responses to stimulation, and association between heart rate <100 bpm ≥10 sec (bradycardia) in the first minute after birth and the need for ventilation versus stimulation alone. Of 449 included newborns with thermal videos and heart rate data, 70 (16%) were not stimulated, 345/449 (77%) were stimulated to breathe, 14/449 (3.1%) were stimulated + CPAP, 20/449 (4.4%) were stimulated + ventilated. Among newborns with heart rate <140 bpm at start stimulation, a heart rate increase of median 7 bpm was noted (p<0.001). Newborns with bradycardia in the first minute after birth had four-fold likelihood of requiring ventilation versus stimulation alone.